- Being as I am an aspiring dead white male, I believe
I could weary of hearing harsh words about what guttersnipes we are, and
sludge, and sharpers, and impediments to civilization' and rapists and
slave drivers and Marines: yes, and just no damned good. For one thing,
I think we are a splendid lot. For another, I notice that most of the yapping
comes from life's camp-followers"from those who didn't and can't and
aren't likely to. Yet they seem perfectly willing to live in a world that
white European males built. It is not a dignified performance.
-
- Now, graciousness is a trademark of this column. And
a good thing, too, as otherwise I might say, "Them as can't compete
can shut up. Talk to me when you have credentials. Now bugger off. But
no. I won't say it.
-
- I may think it though.
-
- Permit me a suggestion to those who appreciate us not.
(See? I,m trying to be helpful.) I address it to race hustlers, to bilious
feminists of immoderate inutility, which is all of them, and to the gelding
professors of the Ivy Leagues.
-
- Look around you and see whether you can find anything,
with a moving part, that isn't the work of white European males. You might
start with your refrigerator, which you probably don't understand. What
about your hair dryer? You do know how an electric motor works?
-
- Yes, I know what the grade-school textbooks say. The
electric motor sprang from the work of the Guatemalan Native-Peoples thinker
Rigoberta Tloxyproctyl who, while planting cassava with a sharp stick,
discovered the npn junction' foresaw the integrated circuit, and founded
Intel. Previously she had invented the amniote egg.
-
- >From the same books you would conclude that the central
figure of the Civil War was not Robert E. Lee but Sojourner Truth, that
the Iliad was written not by Homer but by Marge, and that civilization
had been invented by grub-eating, pre-literate if you are optimistic occasional
cannibals of color in the Amazon basin who barely understand the engineering
underlying the loincloth. (If engineering is what underlies loincloths.
I,ve never looked.) Mendacity is no substitute for achievement.
-
- Now, I suspect that these uprooters of white maledom
don't appreciate their blessings because they don't understand them. Familiarity
breeds a sense of understanding, but not understanding itself. If miraculous
things are always there, it's easy to regard them as just part of the world,
like bananas in the tropics.
-
- Consider. If you showed a television set to a bushman
in New Guinea, and asked him how it worked, he would say, "Hoo! Bad
juju, boss. Heap spirits dey in it, talk talk. He would have the judgement
to be astonished by what is, after all, astonishing.
-
- Now imagine asking the same question of Al Sharpton'
or Gloria Steinem or, let us say, the head of Harvard's Department of Micronesian
Lesbian Studies, Carnita Tlacuache-Lombriz.
-
- She: "Uh, well, waves. You know. In the air. Oppression'
people of color, capitalism.
-
- Me: "Yes, Ms. Tlacuache-Lombriz! Splendid! You are
on to something. But can you be more precise? What kind of waves? Surf,
perhaps? Tidal waves, or little bitty shiny waves? As in a millpond.
-
- "Well, no. Some other kind of waves. I think. Oppression'
people of color.
-
- You would find that she knew as much as the bushman.
She knows the same amount about her watch, refrigerator, automobile, microwave
oven' and stereo. They are, to her, low-hanging fruit, or what money is
to Democrats: something that is just there.
-
- All of these things, note, are products of what such
as Steinem call "male linear thinking. (It used to be called "thinking,
until people noticed the albedo and steroid chemistry of those who usually
did it.)
-
- Here we come to part of the reason for their bad behavior:
These folk are genuinely ignorant of things around them. To Ms. T-L, for
example, a computer is a commodity, like soap. It's just there, has buttons,
usually works.
-
- And she is right. A computer is a commodity. But she
has no idea why it is a commodity, or that this too is miraculous. She
doesn't know, or avoids reflecting, that her laptop rests on an towering
edifice of physics, chemistry, and electronics, of which she is blankly
innocent, resting on mathematics and theory also elaborated by tens of
thousands of"yep"white males whose books she has never heard
of.
-
- To the white male (ok, slightly geeky) mind, a computer
is something quite different. It is a stack of intricately interlocking
abstractions. At the bottom (somewhat arbitrarily) you find solid-state
physics with its band theory and lattices and dopants and a lot of formidable
physical chemistry; a level higher you have transistors, address buses,
interrupt hierarchies and row latches; next, DMA and video controllers
and file-allocation tables; then software, optimizing compilers and top-down
programming.
-
- These for the most part are not easy ideas. When they
are easy, as programming is, the male response is to write programs so
complex that they have to think about them in teams. Overwhelmingly these
things arose fromwhite males, mostly European.
-
- Other men (white, European' and mostly dead) of phenomenal
brilliance developed the underlying math and theory: Gauss, Newton and
Leibniz, LaGrange, Shannon' Hamilton' Galois, perhaps Minsky if you think
finite automata actually have anything to do with computers, and Turing,
none of whom Ms. T-L has heard of either.
-
- Given that she probably couldn't solve a quadratic if
you gave her a band saw and a large staff, she can't understand what it
is that she doesn't understand. Nor, one may suspect, can Al Sharpton'
nor those goofy alleged teachers who are always nattering on about how
little boys need to be drugged.
-
- But let me approach the matter from another angle. I
propose (again trying to be helpful) that those who don't like white males
try spending a week without the things that white males have foolishly
provided for them, so that they can complain in comfort.
-
- Ms. T-L could begin by taking her fillings out. (Dentistry
is not low-tech. Try making a drill burr spin at 350,000 rpm or whatever
the current figure is.) Then they could denude herself, preferably after
warning bystanders, since everything she wears was made on machines designed
by evil white males, using metallurgy and engineering demonically invented
by other evil white males. Next she could toss everything electrical and
mechanical. She would soon find herself sleeping in a hollow log and eating
bugs.
-
- Which would be marvelous. I suggest January. In Fairbanks.
-
- http://www.fredoneverything.net/FOE_Frame_Column.htm
-
-
-
- Comment
From Hugh Joseph
2-18-4
-
- Hi Jeff:
-
- "Look around you and see whether you can find anything,
with a moving part, that isn't the work of white European males. You might
start with your refrigerator, which you probably don't understand. What
about your hair dryer? You do know how an electric motor works?"
-
- Comment:
-
- A little humility and tolerance will make your writing
far more effective and you will not be perceived as being exactly like
those whom you wish to criticize. I have never found anywhere any "white
European males" (WEMs) boasting about their inventions. Somewhere
along the line, they learnt a little humility. Those who insist on boasting
are those who have never invented anything. Below is something to help
keep WEMs humble. Remember, even the little blade of grass makes its contribution
to the planet.
-
- BLACK INVERTORS AND THEIR INVENTIONS
-
- BENJAMIN BANNEKER (1731-1806) Benjamin Banneker was an
inventor, a mathemetician, an astronomer, a surveyor, and an essayist.
As an inventor, he built a wooden clock which kept accurate titme until
he died in 1802 at the age of 75. This homemade clock is believed to have
been the first clock totaly built in America. Born free in ELlicott, Maryland,
Banneker was a self-taught man who used his mathematics skills to develop
and publish a widely used almanac which was issued each year frorm 1792
to 1806. He spent many nights studying the stars in order to make his almanac
as accurate as possible. As a surveyor, he helped lay out the streets and
buildings of Washington D.C. And as an essayist, he wrote about the evils
of slavery.
-
- JAMES FORTEN (1766-1842) James Forten invented a device
which made it easier to handle the large heavy sails of the big ships that
sialed the seas before the days of the steamship. As a boy he loved to
go down to the docks along the Delaware River and watch the ships maneuver
up to the pier to unload their cargo. He noticed how important the expert
handling of the sails was in guiding the ships. At the age of eight he
began working in a Philadelphia sail loft with his father, and some thirty
years later bought the sailmaking shop from the owner. During this time
he not only invented and perfected his device, but also learned all about
the sailmaking business. Due partly to his invention, his sail loft became
one of the most proposerous in the city.
-
- JAN ERNST MATZELIGER (1852-1889) Up in Lynn, Massachusetts,
near Boston, people in the shoe business laughed at 25-year-old Jan Ernst
Matzeliger when a word got out that this former saiolr was secretly working
on a machine that could automatically make shoes, back in the 1870's. After
all, the best brains in the shoe business had invested thousands of dollars
trying to develop such a machine, and they had failed. "Couldn't be
done," they said, as they continued to make only 40 to 50 pair of
shoes per day, by hand. Finally, Jam, who was good at mechanical things
decided he had developed the kind of machine needed--a machine that could
make thousands of pairs of shoes in a day. In 1883, over ten years after
he had started developing his shoe machine, Matzeliger was granted a patent
on it.
-
- GRANVILLE T. WOODS (1856-1910) Patents for over 35 electrical
inventions were granted Granville T. Woods, of Columbus, Ohio. Many of
this electrical engineer's inventions were said to General Electric, Westinghouse,
and the Bell Telephone Companyies. While Woods, who was born in Columbus,
Ohio, April 23, 1856, invented more than a dozen devices to improve electric
railway cars, and many more for controlling the flow of electricity, his
most noted invention was a system for letting the engineer of a train know
how close his train was to others. This device helped to cut down accidents
and collisions between trains. Among his other top inventions were a steam
boiler furnace and ab automatic air brake used to slow or stop trains.
-
- NORBERT RILLIEUX (1806-1894) An engineer, Norbert Rillieux
patented a sugar-refining process in 1864 which revolutionized this industry.
Son of a slave mother and of the master of the plantation where he was
born in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1806, Rillieux was educated in France.
He also taught school there at the age of 24 ears. The sugar-refining process
he developed greatly reduced the cost of producing good sugar from sugar
cane and from the sugar beet. He also published papers on the uses of steam
and on the steam engine. In 1854, because of discriminatio in Louisiana,
he left that state for goo, returning to France where he again turned to
engineering inventions.
-
- ANDREW BEARD (1849?-1921) Andrew Beard was born a slave
on a plantation in Alabama. Before he became an inventor he was a farmer,
carpenter, blacksmith, a railroad worker, and a businessman. In 1892 he
patented his first invention, a special kind of engine. It was while working
in the railroad yards that he got his idea for a device which would automatically
hool railroad cars together. This device was patented in 1897, and became
known as the "Jenny Coupler." It eliminated the dangerous job
of hooking railroad cars together by hand, and probably saved thousands
of lives and limbs of railroad workers. He improved this device in 1899,
and later received $50,000 for its patent rights.
-
- LEWIS H. LATIMER (1848-1928) Son of a runaway slave,
Lewis Howard Latimer bacame an electrical engineer who worked for Thomas
A. Edison, inventor of the light bulb, and Alexander Graham Bell, inventor
of the telephone. Many of Latimer's ideas, including the fine carbon wire
which lights up, went into Edison's light bulb. Latimer was the only African
American, and one of the original 28 persons who formed the "Edison
Pioneers," a group dedicated to keeping alive Edison's ideals. The
Edison General Electric Company, for which Latimer worked, in 1892, merged
with a second firm and the new company became the present General Electric
Company. Latimer was also a noted patent expert, draftsman, author, poet
and musician.
-
- ELIJAH McCOY (1843-1929) A love of machines and tools
led to a lifetime career and the awarding of 57 patents to Elijah Mc Coy,
son of former slaves who had fled frm Kentucky to Canada in search of freedom.
Until Mc Coy developed a device which made possible the automatic oiling
of machinery used in manufacturing, companies using such machines had to
stop the machines before oiling them. Oiling of machinery reduces the wear
and tear of friction. So popular did Mc Coy's invention become that person
inspecting new equipment generally asked if it contained the "real
Mc Coy," meaning Mc Coy's oiling device. Today, "real Mc Coy"
is an expression is in the American language meaning the "real thing.'
In all, Mc Coy invented 23 oiling devices as well as many other useful
inventions. He finally set up his own manufacturing company to develop
and sell his many inventions.
-
- GARRETT A. MORGAN (1875-1963) Garrett A. Morgan was a
prize-winning inventor who developed a safety helmet breathing device widely
used by firemen in many American cities in the early 1900's. His invention
became popular after he and his brother used it to rescue over two dozen
men who were trapped under Lake Erie, at Cleveland, Ohio, when an explosion
occurred in a tunnel which was under construction. He was awarded a hold
medal by the City of Cleveland for his heroic rescue. He later received
a gold medal at the Second International Exposition of Safety and Sanitation,
in New York, in 1914. Morgan is best remembered for his invention of the
automatic stop sign. This invention, now called the traffic or "stop
light" controls the flow of vehicles through street intersections.
-
- GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER (1864-1943) Probably the best
known African American scientist and inventor is George Washington Carver,
who alone, nearly revolutionized agriculture in the South. At a time when
the South's major crop-cotton-was faced with total destruction by the boll
weevel beetle, Dr. Carver, through scientific experiments showed the South
that peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes (yams), among other crops, should
be planted, along with cotton. Thus, if on crop failed, there would be
others from which farmers could make money. Known as "The Wizard of
Tuskegee," Dr. carver developed hundreds of products from the peanut,
the soybean, the pecan nut, the sweet potato, and even the weeds. Today,
there are many schools and other institutions named in memory of Dr. Carver.
-
- H.C. WEBB (1864-?)> H.C. Webb invented a machine which
cleared away palmettos, an unwanted kind of growth found in the farm fields
of the southeastern region of the United States. The device looked something
like a three-wheeled plow, and was pulled by a thirty-horsepower engine.
It helped farmers to clear away as much unwanted groth in one day as it
normally took ten men 10 days to clear away-about ten acres. The Webb Palmetto
Grubbing Machine was patented in 1917. Webb also invented a barrel stave
machine and a special kind of drill press but lost the rights to them because
he did not have them patented. But, during this period, hundreds of other
African American inventors developed labor-saving devices for which they
did not receive government patents.
-
- DANIEL H. WILLIAMS (1858-1931) Founder of a hospital
whci still exists in Chicago, medical physician Dr, Daniel H. Williams
is credited with having performed the first "open-heart" surgery
July 9, 1893, long before this knid of surgery was developed. Dr. Williams
saved the life of a knofing victim by "sewing up his heart."
Working in a makeshift operating room too small for the six-man operating
team which helped him, he opened the patient's chest, exposed the beating
heart, and stitched the knife wound a fraction of an inch from the heart
without the aid of X-rays, blood transfusions or modern "miracle drugs."
On August 2, Dr. Williams operated again to remove some fluid from the
chest cavity. On August 30, the patient walked out of the hospital, and
was known to be alive and well 20 years later.
-
- FREDERICK M. JONES (1893-1961) The first African American
member of the American society of Refrigeration Engineers, Frederick M.
Jones held over 60 patents in a variety of fields, 40 of them in refrigeration
equioment. In 1912, he built a sound system in a movie theater, and was
then hired by a manufacturer of movie sound systems. In 1939, he designed
the first working truck refrigerator system, which was patented in 1942.
Today, such refrigerators carry fresh meats and some vegetables across
the country. Among his other inventions was the first portable X-ray machine,
a self-starting gasoline motor, and the standard refrigerator design for
all Army and Marine field kitchens. Many of the devices that deliver tickets
and spill out change at movie box offices are Jone's creations.
-
- CHARLES H. TURNER (1867-1923) Carles H. Turner, who obtained
a Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago in 1907, was noted for his
knowledge of ants and bees. He originated a way of watching and recording
the habits of insects and small animals, the way they act toward one another,
and the way they reacted to things that happened to them. A type of behavior
in insects is now calles "Turner's circling" after his detailed
description. Through forty-seven research papers which he published between
1892 and 1923, he showed how humans were a lot like animals and insects,
and helped the world better understand why man acts the way he does.
-
- MADAME C.J. WALKER (1869-1919) Before her invention,
African American women had to straighten their hair by placing the hair
on a flat surface and then pressing it with a clothing iron. After her
invention was introduced, Sarah Breedlove Walker, who was known as Madame
C.J. Walker, became one of the first American women of any race to become
a millionaire through her own efforts. Madame Walker invented a hair softener
and a special hair-straightening comb. Before her death in 1919, Madame
Walker could count over 2,000 agents who sold her ever-growing line of
Walker products and demonstrated the "Walker System" of treating
hair. Her efforts laid the fooundation for the cosmetics industry among
African Americans.
-
- ERNST E. JUST (1883-1941) An outstanding research biologist,
Dr. Ernest E. Just devoted a lifetime of study and function of the cell(cytology),
the smallest unit of the body. His studies included how eggs are fertilized,
how babies are born, and how the cells of animals function. In 1915, he
won the Spingarn Medal, the highest award given by the NAACP to the person
having done the most during the year to advance the process of African
Ameericann people. He wrote two major books and more than sixty scientific
papers in his field. His book, The Biologu of the Cell Surface, which was
used in many colleges, represented his lifetime of research, and was published
in 1939, just two years before he died.
-
- LOUIS T. WRIGHT (1891-1952) A physician and surgeon,
Dr. Louis T. Wright originated a method of operating on fractures about
the knee joint, a brace for fractures of the spine, and a vaccination against
smallpox, and supervised the first test of a miracle drug(aureomycin) on
humans. He also advanced a new theory on the treatment of skull fractures
and engaged in early cancer research. Graduating with highest honors from
the Harvard Medical School in 1915, he was commissioned a 1st Lieutenant
in the Medical Section of the Officers Reserve Corps in 1917, and rose
to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel in the U.S. Army during World War I.
In 191, he became the first African American to be appointed to a New York
City Municipal Hospital(Harlem Hospital) wherer he helped lower the death
rate and increase the professional standards.
-
- WILLIAM A. HINTON (1883-1959) A specialist in the study
and development of medicines to fight diseases, Dr. William A. Hinton is
best known for the Hinton-Davies test used to detect the venereal disease,
syphilis. In 1936, he wrote a text book on his studies, and became recognized
as one of the worlds foremost authorities on the diagnosis and treatment
of syphilis. Only three years after getting his doctor's degree from Harvard
Medical School in 1912, he was made an instructor in preventive medicine
and hygiene at his fortune university. It is said that he could have made
a fortune in private practice, but he chose to serve humanity by working
in the field of public health.
-
- PERCY JULIAN (1891-1975) Finding a remedy for arthiritis
led to fame and fortune for Dr. Percy Julian, a noted chemical scientist.
But, more important was the fact that his discovery made the medicine for
this painful disease available to everyone at a much more reasonable price.
Dr. Jui=lian developed a way of making the medicine from the inexpensive
American soybean instead of from the costly ingredient found in certain
parts of animals and produced in Europe. At one time, he was president
of two companies which he formed to produce this medicine. He later sold
one of the companied to a leading medicine-making (pharmaceutical) firm
for several million dollars.
-
- THEODORE K. LAWLESS (1892-1971) Dr. Theodore K. Lawless
was a skin specialist (dermatologist) who became a millionaire form his
studies, practice adn development of medicines. He also contributed to
the better understanding of syphilis, a venereal disease; and leprosy,
a disease which wastes away the muscles of the body. Setting up his ofices
in the heart of Chicago's Black community, he established one of the largest
and best known skin clinics in the city. For many years, men and women
and children, both balack and white, crowded his waiting room from morning
until night. But he still found time to teach at Northwestern University,
work with the staff of Chicago's Provident Hospital, and share his knowledge
with other doctors. In 1954, he was awarded th NAACP's Spingarn Medal.
-
- MEREDITH GOURDINE (1929- ) head of his own manufacturing
firm in New Jersy, Meredtih Gourdine, an engineering scientist , found
a way to make high-voltage electricity from gas. He and the other engineers
in his company believe there are many uses for this discovery in our everyday
life. Some of them are: refrigeration for preserving foods, supplying cheap
power for heat and light in homes, burning coal more efficiently, making
sea water drinkable by taking the salt out of it, making painting and coating
processes easier, and reducing the amount of pollutants in smoke. His company
has already made an exhaust purifying device for automobiles, devices for
measuring air pollution, and generators for power stations.
-
- J. ERNEST WILKINS, JR. (1923- ) A mathematician, physicist
and engineer, J. Ernest WIlkins, Jr. contributed his skills mainly to the
study and development of atomic power. As a teenager, Wilkins attracted
nationwide attention when he finished college at 17, earned a masters degree
on year later, and received his doctorate degree from the University of
Chicago at the age of 19. For a time, he taught college mathemataics, and
later worked in the University of Chicago's mettalurgical laboratory. As
a relatively young man of 23, he was supplying the mathematical formulas
for the production of special space-probing telescopes. By the time he
was 27 he was part-owner of a firm which designed and developed nuclear
reactors for creating atomic power.,br>
-
- RUFUS STOKES (1922-1986) People who have breathing problems
may, in the future, give credit to Rufus Stokes for helping to ease their
problem. In 1968, Mr. Stokes was granted a patent on an air purification
device which reduced the gases and ashes in smoke to a non-dangerous and
invisible level. This not only helps people, but also improves the health
of plants and animals as well as improving the appearance and durability
of buildings, cars and other things exposed to the air. After building
and successfully testing several models of his machine, Mr. Stokes, in
1973, constructed a small domestic model and a large mobile model to show
that his invention could be used in many ways.
-
- OTIS BOYKIN (1920-1982) An electronic scientist and inventor,
Otis Boykin devised the control unit in artificial heart stimulators, invented
a variable resistor device used in many guided missiles, small components
such as thick-film resistors used in IBM computers, and many other devices
including a burgular-proof cah register and a chemical air filter. Starting
as an assistant in a laaboratory testing airplane automatic controls, Boykin
was soon developing a type of resistor now used in many computers, radios,
television sets and other electronically controlled devices. Many products
made from his discoveries are manufactured in Paris and throughout Western
Europe. One of his products was approved for use in military hardware for
the Common Market.
-
- VANCE H. MARCHBANKS, JR. (1905-1973) As a Colonel and
surgeon in the Air Force, Dr. Marchbanks designed a gas mask testing device,
and discovered a method of measuring fatigue in pilots who had been involved
in aircraft accidents. He also did important research in the control of
noise in carious types of airplanes. Before the first U.S. space shot (Project
Mercury) he was appointed project head physician, and was responsible for
determining teh effects of space flight on man, and for collecting medical
information on the astronauts before, during and after their flight. In
the 1960's as chief of environmental health services with United Aircraft
Corporation, he assisted in the designing of space suits and monitoring
systems for the Apollo moon shot.
-
- JOHN B. CHRISTIAN (1927- ) As a materials research engineer
for the Air FOrce, John Christian developed and patented a variety of revolutionary
lubricants that saved pilots' lives in combat and contributed to the success
of the astronaut's mission on the moon. The lubricants, resembling cake
frosting more than oil, could withstand temperatures ranging from minus
50 to 600 degrees. In Vietnam, when the helicopters' oil lines were punctured
by ground fire, the "soap" lubricants enabled them toe return
to their base. They were also used in the astronaut's back-pack life support
systems, without which there could have been no moon landing, and were
used in the four-wheel drive of the "moon-buggy" making it possible
to extend their moon exploration by 36 hours.
-
- GEORGE R. CARRUTHERS (1940- ) Astro-physicist Dr. George
Carruthers was the principal scientist responsible for the development
of a special camera that made the trip to the moon aboard the Apollo 16
in 1972. Called the "far-ultra-violet camera/spectograph," the
50-pound, gol-plated unit was designed to study the earth's upper atmosphere
and other interplanetary conditions. More than 200 frames of pictures were
made of eleven selected targets. In 1973, another model of the camera was
made for the Skylab 4 to take pictures of a comet speeding toward the sun.
Carruthers was interested in science as a child and built his own telescope
at the age of ten. From the age of 25, he made significant contributions
to the field of electronic imaging and space astronomy.
-
- CHARLES W. BUGGS (1906-1991) A scientist and educator,
Dr. Charles Buggs, of Brunswick, Georgia, conducted special research on
why some bacteria (germs) do not react to certain medicines. In several
articles, he presented his ideas on penicillin and skin grafting, and the
value of chemicals in treating bone fractures. In 1944, he contributed
some of the results of his research to the world through 12 studies he
helped to write. Three years later he wrote an important article on how
to use ger-killing chemicals (antibiotics) to prevent and cure certain
diseases. he also taught college biology, and made studies and suggestions
on premedical education for African Americans. Dr. Buggs' research and
teaching contributed to a better understanding of health and of the human
body.
-
- CHARLES. R. DREW (1904-1950) The storing of human blood
until it is needed to save someone's life was the major contribution of
Dr. Charles Drew to science and medicine. He researched the nature of human
blood and created what has become known as "blood banks," places
where blood is kept in a special form (plasma) until needed by injured
patients. In 1940, during World War II, the British asked Dr. Drew to establish
a blood bank program for their country. After the war, he was appointed
the first director of the American Red Cross Blood Bank, supplying plasma
to the United States armed forces. He also bacme recognized as an outstanding
surgeon, teacher and public servant, and in 1944 was awarded the Spingarn
Medal.
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