- Most of the cells in your body are not your own, nor
are they even human. They are bacterial. From the invisible strands of
fungi waiting to sprout between our toes, to the kilogram of bacterial
matter in our guts, we are best viewed as walking "superorganisms,"
highly complex conglomerations of human, fungal, bacterial and viral cells.
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- That's the view of scientists at Imperial College London
who published a paper in Nature Biotechnology Oct. 6 describing how these
microbes interact with the body. Understanding the workings of the superorganism,
they say, is crucial to the development of personalized medicine and health
care in the future because individuals can have very different responses
to drugs, depending on their microbial fauna.
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- The scientists concentrated on bacteria. More than 500
different species of bacteria exist in our bodies, making up more than
100 trillion cells. Because our bodies are made of only some several trillion
human cells, we are somewhat outnumbered by the aliens. It follows that
most of the genes in our bodies are from bacteria, too.
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- Luckily for us, the bacteria are on the whole commensal,
sharing our food but doing no real harm. (The word derives from the Latin
meaning to share a table for dinner.) In fact, they are often beneficial:
Our commensal bacteria protect us from potentially dangerous infections.
They do this through close interaction with our immune systems.
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- "We have known for some time that many diseases
are influenced by a variety of factors, including both genetics and environment,
but the concept of this superorganism could have a huge impact on our understanding
of disease processes," said Jeremy Nicholson, a professor of biological
chemistry at Imperial College and leader of the study. He believes the
approach could apply to research on insulin-resistance, heart disease,
some cancers and perhaps even some neurological diseases.
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- Following the sequencing of the human genome, scientists
quickly saw that the next step would be to show how human genes interact
with environmental factors to influence the risk of developing disease,
the aging process and drug action. But because environmental factors include
the gene products of trillions of bacteria in the gut, they get very complex
indeed. The information in the human genome itself, 3 billion base pairs
long, does not help reduce the complexity.
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- "The human genome provides only scant information.
The discovery of how microbes in the gut can influence the body's responses
to disease means that we now need more research into this area," said
Nicholson. "Understanding these interactions will extend human biology
and medicine well beyond the human genome and help elucidate novel types
of gene-environment interactions, with this knowledge ultimately leading
to new approaches to the treatment of disease."
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- Nicholson's colleague, professor Ian Wilson from Astra
Zeneca, believes the "human super-organism" concept "could
have a huge impact on how we develop drugs, as individuals can have very
different responses to drug metabolism and toxicity."
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- "The microbes can influence things such as the pH
levels in the gut and the immune response, all of which can have effects
on the effectiveness of drugs," Wilson said.
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- The Imperial College research demonstrates what many
-- from X Files stalwarts to UFO fanatics -- have long claimed: We are
not alone. Specifically, the human genome does not carry enough information
on its own to determine key elements of our own biology.
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