- Optical and x-ray images of the galaxy cluster named
1E0657-56 have provided direct proof that these clumps of disturbed galaxies
are small, faint, and nearby. These and many similar observations directly
contradict the foundational assumptions of the Big Bang, which place the
objects far away.
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- What we have stated in the headline and abstract above
is, of course, an interpretation, not a fact. But the distinction between
interpretation and fact has become so muddled in the sciences that we
felt obliged to underscore the point rhetorically. Unbending theoretical
assumptions have wrought havoc on popular astronomy, which could not recognize
our interpretation of the Bullet Cluster based on the known electrical
behavior of plasma.
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- According to the authors of the Chandra X-Ray Observatory
website, the galactic cluster "was formed after the collision of
two large clusters of galaxies, the most energetic event known in the
universe since the Big Bang." Though the announcement by the Chandra
team never uses the words "theory," "hypothesis," or
"interpretation," its every sentence rests on a jumble of assumptions,
from supposed galactic "collisions" to wildly conjectural "gravitational
lensing," all wrapped around the discredited notion that redshift
is a reliable measure of velocity and distance. The capper is the announcement
appearing in numerous scientific media that the image "proves the
existence of dark matter."
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- In electrical terms, the Hubble optical image shows the
many distorted galaxies and filaments of plasma that have been identified
by the astronomer Halton Arp as the fragments of a quasar (QSO, or quasi-stellar
object) after it has moved through an evolving, highly redshifted and
unstable "BL Lac" phase. The BL Lac transition breaks up the
increasingly massive plasma of the quasar as it progresses toward becoming
a companion galaxy.
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- From an electrical vantage point, the Chandra x-ray image
(pink) clearly shows the bell-shaped terminus and following arc of a
plasma discharge "jet." The strong magnetic field of the current
causes electrons to emit the x-ray synchrotron (non-thermal) radiation
captured in the image. Synchrotron radiation is a normal electrical discharge
effect.
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- But popular astronomy, oblivious to electrical phenomena,
sees only "hot gases colliding."
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- The cluster has a redshift of z=0.3, exactly the value
of the Karlsson quantization peak that is typical of BL Lac objects.
Because it therefore does not need to be normalized to the base redshift
of another galactic group, it is likely a member of our Local Group. This
is confirmed by its location in the ejection cone of M31 (Andromeda Galaxy),
which includes M33, 3C120, many QSOs, and hydrogen plasma cells strung
between M31 and the Milky Way. Because of its proximity to the Milky Way
and the Large Magellanic Cloud, its precursor QSO was probably ejected
from one or the other. Statistically, as astronomer Halton Arp has pointed
out again and again, galaxy clusters occur preferentially near large,
low-redshift galaxies.
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- The filaments, arcs, and clumps of higher-redshift plasma
that group around many of the galaxies in the cluster indicate regions
of secondary plasma pinching and ejection. Further examination is expected
to reveal the typical pattern of decreasing redshift and increasing luminosity
with increasing distance from the secondary concentrations.
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- The Big Bang, which fails to take the electrical properties
of plasma into account, assumes that redshift must be an indicator of
distance. As a result, it projects the high-redshift filaments and arcs
far into the background. In order to account for the association of these
features with foreground galaxies, gravitational lensing must be invoked
to "explain away" the number of features as multiple images
of only one "distant" QSO. But even this subterfuge is in vain:
The number of the allegedly distant objects should, on the astronomers'
assumptions, increase with faintness, but observed numbers actually decrease.
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- "Gravitational lensing" requires enormous amounts
of mass. (See the Thunderbolts series on gravitational lensing by Professor
Don Scott, http://www.thunderbolts.info/tpod/00subjectx.htm#Gravity)
But among galaxies whose distances have been ascertained by methods other
than the redshift assumption, "grand design" spirals and ellipticals
are the most massive. Distorted and peculiar galaxies, which make up the
bulk of clusters like 1E0657-56, are dwarf low- mass objects. Big Bang
theorists simply ignore the evidence of the images, calculate the mass
required to produce the desired amount of lensing, and announce that it
exists as "dark matter" that can't be seen.
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