- History's terror bombings. This article reviews some
of the most infamous:
-
- -- Guernica - 1937;
- -- the London Blitz - 1940 - 41;
- -- Dresden - 1945;
- -- Tokyo - 1945;
- -- Hiroshima and Nagasaki - 1945;
- -- North Korea - 1950 - 53;
- -- Southeast Asia - 1964 - 73;
- -- Iraq - 1991 to the present;
- -- Serbia/Kosovo - 1999;
- -- Afghanistan - 2001 to the present;
- -- Lebanon - 1982 and 2006; and
- -- Gaza - 2008 - 09.
-
- Strategic bombing involves destroying an adversary's
economic and military ability to wage war. It targets its war making capacity
and related infrastructure. Terror bombing is another matter. It's against
civilians to break their morale, cause panic, weaken an enemy's will to
fight, and inflict mass casualties and punishment.
-
- Geneva and other international laws forbid the targeting
of civilians. The Laws of War: Laws and Customs of War on Land (1907
Hague IV Convention) states:
-
- -- Article 25: "The attack or bombardment, by whatever
means, of towns, villages, dwellings, or buildings which are undefended
is prohibited."
-
- -- Article 26: "The officer in command of an attacking
force must, before commencing a bombardment, except in cases of assault,
do all in his power to warn the authorities."
-
- Article 27: "In sieges and bombardments, all necessary
steps must be taken to spare, as far as possible, buildings dedicated
to religion, art, science, or charitable purposes, historic monuments,
hospitals, and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided
they are not being used at the time for military purposes." The besieged
should visibly indicate these buildings or places and notify an adversary
beforehand.
-
- The Fourth Geneva Convention protects civilians in time
of war. It prohibits violence of any type against them and requires treatment
for the sick and wounded. In September 1938, a League of Nations unanimous
resolution prohibited the:
-
- "bombardment of cities, towns, villages, dwellings
or buildings not in the immediate neighborhood of the operations of land
forces....In cases where (legitimate targets) are so situated, (aircraft)
must abstain from bombardment" if this action indiscriminately affects
civilians.
-
- The 1945 Nuremberg Principles prohibit "crimes against
peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity." These include "inhumane
acts committed against any civilian populations, before or during the
war," including indiscriminate killing and "wanton destruction
of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military
necessity."
-
- The 1968 General Assembly Resolution on Human Rights
prohibits launching attacks against civilian populations. Israel and America
do it repeatedly - by land, sea and terror bombings.
-
- Below is some relevant history.
-
- Guernica, Spain - 1937
-
- On April 26, 1937, German and Italian aircraft fire-bombed
the small Basque town at the request of their fascist ally General Francisco
Franco. It destroyed the town, killed an estimated 1650 people, and injured
hundreds more. An eyewitness account said:
-
- "The only things left standing were a church, a
sacred tree, the symbol of the Basque people....There hadn't been a single
anti- aircraft gun in the town. It (was) mainly a fire raid....A sight
that haunted me for weeks was the charred bodies of several women and
children huddled together in what had been the cellar of a house."
It was a drill for larger-scale bombings to come, and civilian sites were
as fair game as military ones.
-
- The scene was repeated throughout the town. Guernica
was in flames. It wasn't the first instance of bombarding civilians. Germans
did it in WW I. Britain did it against Iraq in the 1920s with poison
gas. Secretary for Air and War Winston Churchill's secret poison gas memo
recommended it. In a May 12, 1919 departmental minute he wrote: "I
do not understand the squeamishness about the use of gas....I am strongly
in favour of using poisoned gas against uncivilised tribes."
-
- In 1937, Hitler used explosives, fragmentation bombs
and incendiaries in the two and a half hour raid "with a brutality
that had never been seen before," according to Basque Autonomous
Republic president Jose Antonio de Aguirre. "They scorched the city
and fired machine guns at the women and children who fled in panic, resulting
in numerous deaths."
-
- The London Blitz - 1940 - 41
-
- Following a German-staged August 31, 1939 attack, Hitler
invaded Poland on September 1. Honoring their obligations to Poland,
Britain and France demanded a withdrawal. None came, and on September
3, Prime Minister Chamberlain announced on-air that a state of war existed
against Germany. WW II began.
-
- On September 7, 1940, Hitler changed tactics. After initially
targeting RAF airfields and radar stations in preparation for an invasion,
he attacked London for 57 consecutive nights to demoralize the population
and force Britain to come to terms. It began the "Blitz" against
numerous UK cities. It lasted intensively until May 11. Hitler then focused
on Russia, continued smaller- scale UK bombings, and by 1944 used pilotless
V-1 flying ("Buzz) bombs and V-2 rockets.
-
- Ernie Pyle was a noted war correspondent witness to the
Battle of Britain and invasion of France. He described a 1940 London night
raid as follows:
-
- "It was a night when London was ringed and stabbed
with fire. They came just after dark, and somehow you could sense from
the quick, bitter firing of the guns that there was to be no monkey business
this night."
-
- "Shortly after the sirens wailed you could hear
the Germans grinding overhead. In my room....you could feel the shake
from the guns. You could hear (explosions) tearing buildings apart....You
have all seen big fires, but I doubt if you have ever seen the whole
horizon of a city lined with great fires - scores of them, perhaps hundreds....Every
two minutes, a new wave of planes would be over...."
-
- "Later on, I went out among the fires....London
stabbed with great fires, shaken by explosions....all of it roofed over
with a ceiling of pink that held bursting shells, balloons, flares and
the grind of vicious engines. (It was) the most hateful, most beautiful
single scene I have ever known."
-
- London wasn't the only city attacked. In addition to
military sites, so were Dublin, Manchester, Liverpool, Belfast, Birmingham,
Sheffield, Plymouth, Nottingham, Southhampton, Bristol, Cardiff, Clydebank,
Coventry, Greencock, Swansea, and Hull.
-
- Before it ended, around 43,000 died in London, thousands
more in other cities, hundreds of thousands were injured, and more than
a million London houses were destroyed - yet the British public was more
than ever committed to defeating Nazism.
-
- Dresdan - 1945
-
- As a German POW, author Kurt Vonnegut witnessed the effects
of its fire-bombing and described the horror that Arthur ("Bomber)
Harris inflicted:
-
- "You guys burnt the place down, turned it into a
single column of flame. More people died there in the firestorm, in that
one big flame, than died in Hiroshima and Nagazaki combined."
-
- Well, not quite as explained below. Nonetheless, on the
evening of February 13 and early 14th morning, 1945, the raid was horrific
by any measure. It was an orgy of barbarism against a defenseless German
city and one of Europe's great cultural centers.
-
- In less than 14 hours, it was ruined and as many as 100,000
Germans died, although later accounts suggested lower totals. Dresdan
was also a hospital city for wounded soldiers. It was of no military
importance, and, by February, Germany was soundly defeated. Attacking
was morally indefensible, and unleashing a firestorm and slaughter of
tens of thousands was one of WW II's great war crimes.
-
- More than 700,000 phosphorous bombs were dropped on 1.2
million people. The temperature in city center reached 1600 degrees centigrade.
Bodies became molten flesh. The slaughter was horrific, so why was it
ordered? The February 4 - 11 Yalta Conference was approaching at which
the Big Three (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) would divide the spoils
of war. Churchill and Roosevelt wanted an edge as well as a way to "impress"
Stalin. It wasn't gotten as bad weather delayed the original raid, yet
Churchill ordered it anyway and declared it successful when over.
-
- Morality wasn't an issue for the man who felt no "squeamishness"
over using poison gas against Iraqis in the 1920s and recommended it
in his secret memo. Nor in firebombing Hamburg in July 1943 - causing
widespread destruction, killing an estimated 50,000, injuring many more,
mostly civilians, and leaving around one million Germans homeless.
-
- Tokyo - 1945
-
- US air forces bombed Tokyo several times before using
incendiaries. On April 18, 1942, four months after Pearl Harbor, Lt. Col.
Jimmy Doolittle led the raid MGM made famous in its 1944 film, "Thirty
Seconds Over Tokyo." It did little damage. All 16 US aircraft were
lost, 11 crewmen were either killed or captured, but it achieved its
aim. It sent a propaganda message and proved Tokyo was vulnerable to more
attacks.
-
- The B-29 Superfortress made the difference. Introduced
in May 1944, it was a long-range heavy bomber used first in a single plane
high altitude reconnaissance mission over Tokyo in November. The first
firebombing raid came on February 24, 1945 when 174 planes destroyed
one square mile of the city. The major attack came days later on March
9 when 279 Superforts demolished 16 square city miles, killed an estimated
100,000 in the firestorm, injured many more, and left over one million
homeless. Around five dozen other Japanese cities were also firebombed
at a time most structures in the country were wooden and easily consumed.
And for what?
-
- Early in 1945, Japan sent America peace feelers, and,
two days before the February Yalta Conference, Douglas MacArthur sent
Roosevelt a 40-page summary of its terms. They were near- unconditional.
The Japanese would accept an occupation, would cease hostilities, surrender
its arms, remove all troops from occupied territories, submit to criminal
war trials, and allow its industries to be regulated. In return, they
asked only that their Emperor be retained in an honorable capacity.
-
- Roosevelt spurned the offer. So did Truman. In March,
Tokyo was firebombed, then in August atomic bombs were used for the first
(and so far only) time against Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
-
- Hiroshima and Nagasaki - 1945
-
- The week of August 6, 1945 was the worst in Japanese
history. On August 8, Soviet Russia declared war, invaded Manchuria, and
occupied it and the Sakhalin and Kuril Islands.
-
- On August 6 and 9, president Truman authorized Hiroshima
and Nagasaki to be attacked with atomic weapons. Records at the time
estimated that by December the (mostly civilian) Hiroshima death toll
was about 140,000. In Nagasaki, it was somewhat lower at 74,000, but those
numbers rose in succeeding months and years. Radiation poisoning is permanent
and enough of it kills or causes grievous illnesses, disfiguration, and
birth defects to offspring. Decades later, they're still being felt.
-
- The joint US, UK, Canada (1939 - 1946) Manhattan Project
developed nuclear weapons with the first bomb test-detonated three weeks
before August 6. Hiroshima was the initial target, a medium-sized city
of industrial and military importance although that late in the war Japan
was largely destroyed and in a state of collapse.
-
- Nagasaki was a large southern Japanese sea port. Kokura
was the primary target, but poor visibility on August 9 diverted the
mission to the alternate choice. Howard Zinn recounted what happened in
his August 2000 "Bombs of August" article.
-
- Their principle justification was to save "lives
because otherwise a planned US invasion of Japan would have been necessary,
resulting in the deaths of tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands.
Truman at one point (said) 'a half million lives,' and Churchill 'a million
lives,' but these figures" had no basis in fact. "Even official
projections" were at most around 46,000.
-
- "In fact, the bombs that fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
did not forestall an invasion of Japan because (none) was necessary"
or even likely. Japan was "on the verge of surrender" and top
US military and government officials knew it so "dropping the bomb(s
were) completely unnecessary."
-
- Afterward, Joint Chiefs Chairman, William Leahy, called
the atomic bomb "a barbarous weapon" and admitted that using
them against Japan was unnecessary. After the US May 1945 Okinawa victory,
Japan had enough of war. By June, six of its Supreme War Council members
authorized Foreign Minister Togo to ask the Soviets to mediate its end.
Hitler and Mussolini were dead. Germany surrendered in early May, and
Japan offered near-unconditionally provided its Emperor was retained.
-
- Truman spurned the offer to ensure the atomic bombings.
"It seems that the United States government was determined to drop
those bombs," according to Zinn. Why so?
-
- He cites Gar Alperovitz "whose research on that
question is unmatched." Based on Truman's papers, "the bomb
was seen as a diplomatic weapon against the Soviet Union" - to let
us dictate war- ending terms and as the "first major operation of
the cold diplomatic" one that followed.
-
- Horrifying as it was, incinerating hundreds of thousands
late in the war was judged good politics plus a message to Soviet Russia
and other potential adversaries that we were the toughest adversary around
- and for doubters, visit the remains of Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
-
- Other aims as well lay behind the attacks then and later
on - "There was tin, rubber, oil, corporate profit (and) imperial
arrogance." Human rights and lives relate to none of these.
-
- North Korea - 1950-53
-
- East Asia and Korean expert Bruce Cumings wrote this
about the Korean War:
-
- "What was indelible about it was the extraordinary
destructiveness of the United States air campaigns against North Korea,
from the widespread and continuous use of firebombing (mainly with napalm),
to threats to use nuclear and chemical weapons, and the destruction of
huge North Korean dams in the final stages of war."
-
- Post-WW II, neither North Korea, China or any other country
threatened America. Creating adversaries was entirely bogus to advance
our imperial agenda, and slaughtering millions of North Koreans was perfectly
acceptable. Later millions of Southeast Asians. More on that below.
-
- On June 25, 1950, after months of US-influenced Republic
of Korean (ROK) provocations, North Korean forces invaded the South. James
Petras wrote about "Provocation and Pretext for the US War Against
Korea" and referred to America's "incomplete conquest of Asia"
following WW II.
-
- Revolutionary upheavals followed in China, Southeast
Asia and Korea. "President Truman faced a profound dilemma - how
to consolidate US imperial supremacy in the Pacific" when the public
and "war wearied soldiers....demand(ed) demobilization and a return"
to normalcy. Like Roosevelt in 1941, he chose the usual course, provoked
a confrontation, and intervened in Korea's civil war.
-
- In the run-up to the US invasion, "Truman, the US
Congress, and mass media engaged in a massive propaganda campaign (like
today to sell foreign wars) and purge of peace and anti-militarist organizations
throughout US civil society. Tens of thousands" were affected but
not like what we did to Koreans.
-
- Until the 1953 armistice, North Korea was literally bombed
to rubble with principle targets hit around Pyongyang (the capital),
Chongyin, Wonsan, Hungnam and Rashin. Three to four million deaths resulted
and unimaginable additional casualties, mostly innocent civilians.
-
- Again Cumings:
-
- "Korea (was) assumed to have been a limited war,"
but it bore strong resemblance to the air war against Japan in WW II,
and it was directed by some of the same military leaders. The use of
napalm against populated areas was horrific as one survivor described:
-
- "It fell right on people. Men all around me burned.
They lay rolling in the snow. Men I knew....begged me to shoot them...It
was terrible. When the napalm had burned the skin to a crisp, it would
be peeled back from the face, arms, legs....like fried potato chips."
-
- Orders were given to burn towns and villages and create
oceans of fires. General Matthew Ridgway ordered the air force to burn
the capital, Pyongyang, to the ground. Other areas also in a scorched
earth campaign few in America knew about, then or now.
-
- MacArthur asked for commander's discretion to use nuclear
weapons, lots of them, and if Truman hadn't intervened he would have.
In posthumously published interviews, he said he had a plan to win the
war in 10 days: "I would have dropped 30 or so atomic bombs strung
across the neck of Manchuria," spread a radioactive cobalt belt
from the Sea of Japan to the Yellow Sea, and deterred any invasion from
the North. "My plan was a cinch," he claimed, and the Russians
would have done nothing about it.
-
- Cumings continues:
-
- Even without nuclear weapons, "the air war leveled
North Korea and killed millions of civilians. North Koreans tell you that
for three years they faced a daily threat of being burned (alive) with
napalm." There was no escape, and by "1952 just about everything
in northern and central Korea had been completely leveled. What was left
of the population survived in caves."
-
- Bomb damage assessment showed that 18 of 22 major cities
were half or more obliterated. The big industrial ones were from 75 -
100% destroyed. Villages were described as "low, wide mounds of violent
ashes." This was Korea, "the limited war." Southeast Asia
was next.
-
- Southeast Asia - Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos - 1964 -
1973
-
- Gabriel Kolko wrote the definitive history of the Vietnam
war in his 1985 book: "Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States,
and the Modern Historical Experience." He saw America's invention
as a predictable consequence of its ambition, strengths, weaknesses, and
quest for world dominance.
-
- Nonetheless, it miscalculated. Vietnamese tired of colonial
rule so the communists in the North gained control. They won peasant
loyalty by promising more equal land distribution. In addition, their
top leaders were intellectuals. They planned well and were patient. The
contrast in the South was stark. America installed the authoritarian Ngo
Dinh Diem regime to build a strong army, crush opposition, and serve as
a reliable ally.
-
- From the 1950s, the US supplied military advisors, slowly
escalated under Kennedy, and much more when Lyndon Johnson became president.
After the bogus August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, war began to establish
client regimes and military bases across East and South Asia, encircle
China, and crush nationalist anti-imperial movements.
-
- Operation Rolling Thunder began in February 1965 and
lasted through October 1968. For 44 months, over one millions tons of
ordnance were used in targeted and indiscriminate bombings. It aimed to
destroy North Vietnam's economy and curtail help reaching National Liberation
Front (Viet Cong) resistance in the South. Over the course of the war,
eight million tons of bombs were dropped from 1965 - 73, threefold the
tonnage in WW II and amounting to 300 tons for every Vietnamese man, woman,
and child.
-
- As in Korea, napalm was also used along with other incendiary
devices. In addition, terror weapons like anti-personnel cluster bombs
spewing thousands of metal pellets hitting everything in their path plus
the indiscriminate planting of land mines that to this day take lives.
-
- From 1961 to 1971, the dioxin-containing defoliant Agent
Orange was used as well, mainly in the South, Cambodia and Laos. Millions
of gallons were sprayed with devastating human consequences. It's one
of the most toxic of known substances, a potent carcinogenic human immune
system suppressant. It accumulates in adipose tissue and the liver, can
alter living cell genetic structures, cause congenital disorders and birth
defects, and contribute to diseases like cancer and type two diabetes.
-
- These consequences were never considered nor the effects
of expanded spraying to destroy vital food crops like rice. Also in 1970,
US forces conducted Operation Tailwind using sarin nerve gas in Laos causing
many deaths, including civilians. Admiral Thomas Moorer, former Joint
Chiefs Chairman, confirmed the use on CNN in 1998. Then under Pentagon
pressure, CNN retracted the report, fired its award-winning journalist
Peter Arnett and co-producers April Oliver and Jack Smith because they
refused to disavow it.
-
- The Indochinese war engulfed Cambodia and Laos as well.
From March 1969 through May 1970, Nixon ordered Cambodia secretly bombed
(without consulting Congress) to destroy North Vietnam and Viet Cong
sanctuaries. Around 3500 sorties caused 600,000 deaths, mostly civilians,
and helped the marginal Khmer Rouge rise to power in 1975. Neutral Cambodia
was bombed with over 500,000 tons of ordnance until August 1973. Over
25,000 US ground forces also invaded. They destroyed dozens of towns,
villages and hamlets, and killed many thousands more, mostly peasants
guilty of living in the wrong country at the wrong time.
-
- A second 1962 Geneva Accord recognized Laos as a neutral
country and banned the presence of foreign military personnel. The reality
on the ground was quite different. From 1964 - 1973, America dropped
over two million tons of ordnance during 580,000 bombing sorties - the
equivalent of a planeload of bombs every eight minutes, round-the-clock
for nine years. The aim was to destroy North Vietnamese supply lines along
the Ho Chi Minh Trail and target the Pathet Lao government and North Vietnamese
Army in control of the country's eastern provinces.
-
- Secret bombings were again the strategy. Terror weapons
were used, including napalm, white phosphorous and cluster bombs - leaving
millions of unexploded bomblets buried in fields, roads, forests, villages,
and rivers. Laos had a population of about 6.5 million. About one-third
of it was either killed, injured, or displaced. Overall, Southeast Asia's
wars killed about three to four million, inflicted vast amounts of destruction,
and caused incalculable human suffering felt to this day.
-
- Iraq - Since 1991
-
- Four days after Saddam entered Kuwait (on August 2, 1990),
Operation Desert Shield was launched. US-demanded UN sanctions were imposed.
A large American troop deployment began along with a Kuwait-funded PR
campaign to win public support for Operation Desert Storm. It began on
January 17, 1991.
-
- By any standard, it was horrendous and criminal. Before
it ended six weeks later (on February 28), US forces committed grievous
war crime violations of the Hague and Geneva Conventions, UN Charter,
Nuremberg Principles, and US Army Field Manual 27-10. Among them were
gratuitous mass slaughter and destruction of essential to life facilities,
including:
-
- -- power plants;
-
- -- dams;
-
- -- water purification facilities;
-
- -- sewage treatment and disposal systems;
-
- -- telephone and other communications;
-
- -- hospitals;
-
- -- mosques;
-
- -- up to 20,000 homes, apartments and other dwellings;
-
- -- irrigation sites;
-
- -- food processing, storage and distribution facilities;
-
- -- hotels and retail establishments;
-
- -- transportation infrastructure;
-
- -- oil wells, pipelines, refineries and storage tanks;
-
- -- chemical plants;
-
- -- factories and other commercial operations;
-
- -- government buildings;
-
- -- schools;
-
- -- historical sites; and
-
- -- civilian shelters in a willful targeting of innocent
men, women and children.
-
- Virtually everything needed for normal functioning was
destroyed or heavily damaged - and more. Tens of thousands were gratuitously
killed, as many as 200,000 or more by independent estimates.
-
- Twelve years of genocidal sanctions followed that killed
as many as 1.7 million, two-thirds of them children under age five. From
the 2003 "shock and awe" blitzkrieg through 2007, as many as
1.5 - 2.0 million more lives were lost, most of them young children. By
any standard since 1991, Washington conducted a 17-year campaign of genocide
to slaughter innocent Iraqis, erase the "cradle of civilization,"
turn the country into a free market paradise, and make serfs of its people
- as part of a greater aim for regional and global dominance and control
of world resources and markets.
-
- Human rights and lives are non-starters. So is the rule
of law. War continues to rage. Permanent occupation is planned. The human
tragedy continues with no foreseeable end.
-
- Serbia-Kosovo - 1999
-
- In June 1999, playwright Harold Pinter told a UK anti-war
demonstration that NATO's Yugoslavia bombing made him ashamed to be British:
-
- "Little did we think two years ago that we had elected
a government which would take a leading role in what is essentially a
criminal act, showing total contempt for the United Nations and international
law." He called cutting children to pieces from 15,000 feet "barbaric"
and despicably hypocritical.
-
- "Let us face the truth - neither Clinton nor Blair
gives a damn about the Kosovar Albanians. This action has been yet another
blatant and brutal assertion of US power using NATO as its missile. It
set out to consolidate one thing - American domination of Europe. This
must be recognised and it must be resisted." This barbarism mustn't
be allowed to stand.
-
- Diana Johnstone explained the conflict in her superb
2002 book, "Fools' Crusade." Edward Herman reviewed it and wrote
this:
-
- "Military interventions on supposedly humanitarian
grounds have become an established feature of the post-Cold War global
order. Since September 11, this form of militarism has taken on new and
unpredictable proportions." Diana Johnstone did an admirable job
analyzing NATO's intervention. Muslims were portrayed as "defenseless
victims," Serbs as "genocidal monsters" to prepare the
ground for America and NATO to dominate the Balkans.
-
- Herman: Johnstone explained "that the 'Kosovo war'
was in reality the model for future destruction of countries seen as potential
threats to the hegemony of an 'international community' currently being
redefined to exclude or marginalize all but those who conform to the interests
of the United States."
-
- Throughout the 1990s, conflict and civil wars divided
Yugoslavia into separate states culminating with the US-NATO 1999 bombing
of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - Serbia-Kosovo. From March 24 -
June 10, around 600 aircraft flew about 3000 sorties dropping thousands
of tons of ordnance plus hundreds of ground-launched cruise missiles.
To that time, the ferocity of the attack was unprecedented given the destructiveness
of modern weapons and technology.
-
- Nearly everything was struck causing massive destruction
and disruption: known or suspected military sites and targets; power
plants; factories; transportation; telecommunications facilities; vital
infrastructure including roads, bridges and rail lines; fuel depots; schools;
a TV station; the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade; hospitals; government offices;
churches; historical landmarks; and more in cities and villages throughout
the country.
-
- An estimated $100 billion in damage was inflicted. A
humanitarian disaster resulted. Environmental contamination was extensive.
Large numbers were killed, injured or displaced. Two million people lost
their livelihoods. Many their homes and communities and for most their
futures from what America planned and implemented jointly with NATO.
-
- Michel Chossudovsky explained earlier in a February 2008
article that:
-
- "The Balkans constitute the gateway to Eurasia.
The 1999 invasion establishes a permanent US Military presence (at Camp
Bondsteel, Kosovo) in Southern Europe, which serves the broader US led
war. Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq: these three war theaters were
waged on humanitarian grounds. (In each case, utterly bogus.) Without
exception, in all three countries, US military bases were established"
as part of America's global imperial agenda.
-
- The US, NATO and international community support the
organized crime-connected KLA (Kosovo Liberation Army) government and
its leader Hashim Thaci. Kosovo as it was no longer exists. Afghanistan
and Iraq were next.
-
- Afghanistan - 2001
-
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